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Biography of Tewfik Pasha/ Tawfiq of Egypt
Khedive Tawfik (November 15, 1852-January 7, 1892), Muhammad Tawfik Pasha, was the sixth ruler of Egypt from the Alawite dynasty. He was the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan during the years 1879-1892.
About him
He is Muhammad Tawfiq Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Pasha ibn Muhammad Ali Pasha, the eldest son of Khedive Ismail from his settlement Shafaq Nur Hanim, which was not among his four wives, and perhaps that is the reason why he was not sent with the rest of his sons to study in Europe, as explained by the bad relationship between him and his father, which manifested itself after the isolation of Ismail in distancing from him and the exclusion of all his men.
Political career and Reign
He formed his first ministry during the reign of his father (March 10, 1879 - April 7, 1879), and it included two European ministers. It did not last long, as the dispute between it and the Shura Council of Deputies raged. It was targeted at an opposition movement that ended in its fall and the formation of the first Ministry of Mohammed Sharif.
His government
"Formation of the government from March 10, 1879, to April 7, 1879"
Minister-Ministry
Plato Pasha jihadist and naval glasses
Zulfikar Pasha external glasses
Mustafa Riad Pasha eyeglasses Haqqania, eyeglasses interior
His reign
He took over the government on June 26, 1879, after the British and French forced his father Khedive Ismail to leave his post, when he tried to make up for what he had missed, and after plunging the country into huge foreign debts that paved the way for Europeans to interfere in the country's Affairs.
After assuming power, Sharif's first glasses resigned (April 7, 1879-July 5, 1879), but the Khedive asked him to compose a new glasses, so he composed them on (July 5, 1879), but he stipulated that the Khedive govern his ministry under a new constitution, and when Sharif presented the features of the new constitution, including the existence of a council of Deputies, which has control over the state administration, Khedive Tawfik refused, which led to the resignation of Sharif Pasha.
His second ministry was headed by
He headed his second ministry during his reign (August 18, 1879- September 21, 1879), which did not last long due to European intervention.
His government
Minister-Ministry
Zulfikar Pasha's eyeglasses of Haqqania
Othman Rifki jihadi glasses and Navy
Ali Ibrahim Pasha's public knowledge glasses
Ali Heydar Pasha's financial glasses
Mehmet Marashli Pasha, Public Works glasses
Mustafa Fahmi Pasha's external glasses
Mansur Pasha's glasses and underwear
During his reign, Egypt's share in the profits of the Suez Canal (15%) was sold, and it was mortgaged to some French financiers since the time of Ismail, and thus Egypt lost its remaining material interest in the canal.
Khedive Tawfik tried to appease the Europeans, Exiled The political reformer Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, and imposed many financial restrictions demanded by Egypt's creditors, under the liquidation law issued in 1880, which allocated more than half of Egypt's revenues to the public debt, thus enabling foreigners to control the Egyptian economy.
During his reign, Egyptian officers complained about the persecution of Osman Rifki, the minister of jihad (war) of the Circassian, and his prejudice to their rights and preference for the Turks and the Turks, which prompted them to submit a petition to Mustafa Riad-the head of the overseer - in February 1881, to demand his dismissal. Although a plot was hatched to arrest and detain the petitioners, their colleagues managed to release them, and everyone went to Abdeen Palace.
The Arab revolution
The Khedive initiated the dismissal of the ministry, and assigned Sharif Pasha to form a new ministry, forming a national ministry on September 14, 1881. he began preparing for the elections of Deputies, Sharif began to draw up a constitution for the country, which included expanding the for foreign interference.
The members of the council objected to not being given the right to discuss the budget, and demanded this right, while the two foreign observers objected to giving the council this right, because it means their responsibility to the House of Representatives, and England and France hastened to strengthen the position of the observers, and sent Khedive a joint note informing him of their desire to help him overcome internal and external difficulties.
England and France sent their fleet to Alexandria and submitted a new memorandum (May 25, 1882) demanding the dismissal of the Ministry of War, the removal of Ahmed Orabi from Egypt, Abdel Aal Helmy, and Ali Fahmy from the countryside.
Al-Baroudi resigned in protest at the Khedive's acceptance of the second joint memorandum, and the three officers refused to carry out orders to leave Cairo, and in view of this, the Khedive was forced to keep Orabi in his position in front of the threat of the Alexandria Garrison, and the heads of religions demanded to keep Orabi and his colleagues.
Bombing of Alexandria
The events developed with the Alexandria massacre (June 11, 1882), the victims of which were several Egyptians and foreigners, a new ministry was formed headed by Ragheb Pasha, and Orabi remained Minister of War, but the new ministry failed to restore calm to the country.
England, invoking the Arab reform of the bricks of Alexandria, struck Alexandria on July 11, 1882. Orabi set up fortifications in Damanhour and Kafr al-dawwar to repel the English, and he was determined to block the Suez Canal to prevent the entry of the English through it, but delespis promised him to prevent the English fleet from passing through the Suez Canal, depending on its neutrality, but he did not keep his promise, so Orabi moved his fortification to the big hill to stop the advance of the English who landed in Ismailia.
The conditions of the Arabs worsened due to the weakness of the army, and exhaustion befell him after his arrival at the big hill, as well as the Ottoman Sultan declared Arab disobedience, and the Khedive Tawfik announced his dismissal, and called for non-resistance to the English, in addition, the betrayal of some officers. Accordingly, the British entered Cairo without resistance on September 14, 1882, and Orabi was forced to surrender.
His visits
In 1881, he visited the city of Port said, the northern entrance to the Suez Canal and inspected the conditions of the city, and when he saw the village mosque, he felt the extent of the hardships suffered by worshippers in reaching it and praying, and then he issued an order to the Waqf Bureau to establish another mosque and establish a school attached to it to raise children, and he celebrated on the seventh of December in 1882 -
He is credited with organizing the allotments of the Khedive's family, so he canceled his mother's allotments and deprived him, and he was content with one hundred thousand pounds for his annual allotments.
The first of the members of the royal family to abdicate his estates, to pay the debt demanded by the government.
He was interested in spreading education since he was the crown prince; he created the dome school at his own expense. When he took office, he issued a decree on May 27, 1880 to form a committee to research the organization and affairs of education, and the committee proposed the establishment of A Higher School for teachers to graduate professors, and also proposed to increase the number of schools, establishing many primary, secondary and higher education institutes. The Higher School for teachers was opened under his reign, and an evening School of education was established. The government established the Supreme Council of Knowledge on March 28, 1881.
Under his reign, the law Consultative Council, the General Assembly, and the directorates councils were established in 1883.
He issued a list of civil servants that guarantees them their rights to a pension, and I supplement it with the Royal and Military Pensions Regulations.
He abolished forced labor, ordered the repair of mosques, and Charitable Endowments.
He owed a million pounds to repair the charity archways. Conciliatory wind drilling began in early 1887, and work was completed in 1888. The foundation of the wind mouth arch was laid in 1887, and work on it was completed in 1890. The mouth of the menuve wind was modified to increase its openings, as well as the mouth of the lake wind two openings were added to its buildings. The regulation on the organization and extension of irrigation works has been issued.
During his reign, he established many foreign companies and banks, including the Anglo-Abyssinian Bank, and established the Italian discount and retail bank (1887). One of the companies is the American Joint Stock Company, which was formed in 1881 to deliver the telephone between Cairo and Alexandria, and this company was transformed into the Eastern Telephone Company in 1882, and its activity expanded after that. Among the companies that have consolidated their business in Egypt are the Cairo tram company, Al Nour company, the Alexandria tram company, the Delta railway, and the Nile Steamship Company. Among the land companies that were formed were: the land and mortgages company in Egypt in 1880, the Egyptian real estate bank in 1880, and the Abu Qir company in 1887 to backfill the lands of Abu Qir Lake and prepare them for agriculture, and other companies.
His death
He died at the Helwan Palace in Cairo on January 7, 1892.
His wives and sons
He married his cousin, Princess Amina Hanem Ilhami, daughter of Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha, son of Abbas Hilmi I, Bin Ahmed Tusun Pasha, bin Muhammad Ali Pasha, in 1873, and had children with her:
Khedive Abbas is my second dream.
Prince Muhammad Ali.
Princess Nazli Hanim.
Princess Khadija hanem.
Princess Grace of God.
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