Ra o Deus Criador do Antigo Egipto
Ra, o deus sol, tem três aparições; Khepri de manhã, Ra ao meio-dia, e Atum ao pôr-do-sol. É impossível determinar o momento histórico em que a doutrina do sol abraçou os conceitos da nova monarquia, e as primeiras evidências neste campo aparecem em nome do segundo rei da segunda dinastia (Ra - Nab), que significa (Ra o mestre), e o rei (Zuser) da terceira dinastia levou o título ( Ra o Ouro) e parece que ambos os reis anteriores se uniram com (Ra), embora como seus filhos, mas essa unificação não foi a longo prazo, uma vez que os reis posteriores abandonaram que, então (Khafra e Menkaure) da Quarta Dinastia foram os dois primeiros reis a acrescentar o título ( Ibn Ra), ou seja (filho do sol), aos seus títulos.
Esse título também foi assumido por três reis perto do fim da Quinta Dinastia (Ni, Serra, Jed Karea e Unas), depois esse título tornou-se uma parte inseparável dos nomes do rei desde a Sexta Dinastia até ao fim da história egípcia antiga, uma vez que este título foi precedido pelo nome pessoal do rei que nasceu com ele Assim, tornou-se evidente que o rei foi considerado desde o seu nascimento como filho do deus (Ra), e antes disso e desde que o rei (o avô de um ramo) da Quarta Dinastia, os nomes dos reis de alguns desta família foram compostos a partir do nome (Ra), por vezes a partir do seu nascimento ou ao ascender ao trono se O nome de nascimento não incluía o elemento composto do deus (Ra).
Segundo uma lenda tardia, os reis da Quinta Dinastia eram filhos do deus (Ra), e segundo uma lenda tardia, os reis da Quinta Dinastia eram filhos do deus (Ra) da esposa de um sacerdote do sol, uma história que reflecte a vitória da doutrina do sol durante a era desta família cujos reis construíram templos ao sol modelo semelhante ao do antigo Templo do Sol em Heliópolis.
A verdade é que embora a posição única do deus (Ra) tivesse começado a declinar um pouco perto do fim da Quinta Dinastia, a sua crença já tinha penetrado no núcleo da religião egípcia, e muitas divindades locais foram encontradas com (Ra). Nas primeiras cenas, o falcão (Horus de Edfue) foi retratado claramente enquanto flutuava sobre a cabeça do rei, mas esta cena mudou depois disso, e o disco solar alado protegeu com as suas asas o título do Alto Egipto e do Baixo Egipto. O disco alado representa o verdadeiro rei, e ostenta um dos seus títulos (o grande deus). ) que está associado ao nome do rei e tudo isto decide a mistura completa entre (Ra e Horus) e o rei na doutrina da monarquia sagrada.
O Egipto é o melhor destino para passar umas férias extraordinárias, visite o guia de viagens do Egipto, para saber mais sobre a grande e muito longa história do país, pois fornecemos aos nossos clientes toda a informação e os detalhes necessários. Experimente o Egypt Tours com a nossa equipa que o ajudará a descobrir muitas coisas para fazer no Egipto. Desfrute de um cruzeiro refrescante sobre o rio Nilo durante as excursões de Natal no Egipto ou durante as incríveis excursões da Páscoa no Egipto.
Ra, the sun god, has three appearances; Khepri in the morning, Ra at noon, and Atum at sunset. It is impossible to determine the historical moment in which the doctrine of the sun embraced the concepts of the new monarchy, and the early evidence in this field appears in the name of the second king of the second dynasty (Ra - Nab), which means (Ra the master), and the king (Zuser) of the third dynasty bore the title ( Ra the Golden) and it seems that both previous kings united themselves with (Ra), albeit as his sons, but that unification was not long-term as the subsequent kings abandoned that, then (Khafra and Menkaure) of the Fourth Dynasty were the first two kings to add the title ( Ibn Ra), meaning (son of the sun), to their titles.
That title was also borne by three kings near the end of the Fifth Dynasty (Ni, Serra, Jed Karea, and Unas), then that title became an inseparable part of the king’s names from the Sixth Dynasty until the end of ancient Egyptian history, as this title was preceded by the personal name of the king who born with it Thus, it became apparent that the king was considered from his birth as a son of the god (Ra), and earlier than that and since the king (the grandfather of a branch) of the Fourth Dynasty, the names of the kings of some of this family were compounded from the name (Ra), sometimes from their birth or when ascending the throne if The birth name did not include the compound element of the god (Ra).
According to a late legend, the kings of the Fifth Dynasty were children of the god (Ra), and according to a late legend, the kings of the Fifth Dynasty were children of the god (Ra) from the wife of a priest of the sun, a story that reflects the victory of the doctrine of the sun during the era of this family whose kings built temples to the sun similar Model of the ancient Sun Temple in Heliopolis.
The truth is that although the unique position of the god (Ra) had begun to decline somewhat near the end of the Fifth Dynasty, his belief had already penetrated into the core of the Egyptian religion, and many local deities were found with (Ra). In the early scenes, the falcon (Horus of Edfue) was depicted clearly as it fluttered over the head of the king, but this scene changed after that, and the winged sun disk protected with its wings the title of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. The winged disk represents the actual king, and it bears one of his titles (the great god). ) which is associated with the name of the king and all of this decides the complete mixing between (Ra and Horus) and the king in the doctrine of the sacred monarchy.
Functions and Origin
Re (or Ra, in Coptic: RīŇu "He who makes") is the sun god. He is the primordial God, the originator of all things. He is the Lord of infinity, creator of Heaven and Earth, the first to come into existence before all that exists, the one who created himself. The meaning of his name is uncertain. It is believed that this was not a word for "sun," but may have been a variant of the words meaning "creative force" and "creator." It was during the Old Kingdom (2647-2150) that he became a principal deity. More specifically, during the Fifth Dynasty (2465-2323), he was elevated to the rank of national deity and subsequently linked to the Theban god Amun to become Amun-Re, the principal deity of the Egyptian pantheon. King Khafre (or Khafre, 2518-2492) was the first to include the name Sa-Re, "The Son of Re," in his title.
He was born from a primeval ocean of his own volition, landed on a hill, the primeval hill, and rose on the Benben stone in Heliopolis, a stone that would later serve as a model for future obelisks. Re is associated with creation, whether original (the creation of the world), or annual with the awakening of nature in spring. He was therefore venerated as creator and protector. He is therefore the master of the seasons and also the judge of the divine and terrestrial worlds. Like the sun, Ra was the one who allowed the world to exist and develop, because without the sun there is no life, and therefore without Ra there could be no life either. He was considered the father of all the Gods and by extension, the creator of all men.
His divine qualities include the sun disk, which represents stability and longevity.
▪ He was linked with the bull and the ichneumon, a snake-hunting mongoose. These were his sacred animals. There were also the cat and the scarab, which, while not sacred, were associated with him.
▪ His emblems: The Was scepter, a sign of strength and power; The obelisk, which recalls the first Earth on which the Salera of creation arose.
▪ His color and element: Fire and red, the color of fearsome violence and a burning hue.
The Egyptians believed that after a long reign over mankind, Ra grew old and had to face their rebellion. His daughter Tefnut repressed her, but now vulnerable, he decided to reach the heavens. When he called her back to him, she changed into the celestial cow Hathor, creating the celestial vault that would eventually hold the solar boat and its heavenly retinue—now represented by the stars—in her womb.
He took different forms and names throughout his journey. He was: Khepri-Ra (The Scarab), "the one who is becoming" or "the one who comes into existence of himself," in the morning at the rising sun; Re-Horakhty (The Sun). At nightfall, Re changed boats to bring light and warmth to the afterlife and reappeared in the East each morning for the living. The Pharaoh, after his death, took his place on Re's boat to return to the realm of the dead.
According to George Hart, the ancient Egyptians, with their complex polytheistic beliefs, worshipped Re as the creator god, particularly his followers at Heliopolis. They believed that when Re wept, from his tears came mankind. These followers believed that Re created himself, while the followers of Ptah believed that Re was created by Ptah. This is thought to be why the Old Kingdom (2647-2150) pyramids at Heliopolis rarely mention Re. In one passage in the Book of the Dead, Re cuts himself and his blood transforms into two intellectual personifications: Hu, authority, and Sia, spirit.
Its main places of worship were:
Heliopolis, in Lower Egypt (Heliopolis is the Greek word for helios = sun), which was the capital of the cult of Ra during the time of the first dynasties, when the city was called Yunus (or Onu-Yunus "City of the Pillar") and where he was identified with the local sun god Atum.
Abu Gurad (or Abu Gurab), south of Cairo. The ruins that remain on the site today hardly allow us to imagine the scale of the five religious complexes that the kings of the Fifth Dynasty, from Userkaf (2465-2458) to Nyuserre. The largest was built by the latter.
Re was also venerated in major sanctuaries such as those at Dendera, Edfu, Hierakonpolis, and Karnak.
