The Old Kingdom of Egypt
The Old Kingdom Dynasty
Government and Power in the Old Kingdom
During the era of the ancient Egyptian state, the pharaoh used to live in the state's capital, that is, Menaf, considering the fact that he was the head of united Egypt, which had become the center of the world in that time and included so many regions that had started coming under the purview of the Egyptian movement in one way or another. The main care of Pharaoh was with internal matters of the state, and his minister, with the chief of the staff and a high class of other people, took care of it. The high classes supervised one big group that owned all technical facilities for writing in addition to estimates and counting, besides recording and organizing the productions and managing the manpower.
Culture and Literature in the Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom represents the classic period of ancient Egyptian civilization, and the ancients knew full well, for they took it as a model to be followed in one way or another. There is no doubt that the basic elements of culture were invented at that time, or laid foundations at least of law and rationality.
This state is considered the era of the youth of Egypt, which was distinguished by stability, security, and peace, facilitating its economic, cultural, and artistic progress, and the rule of the kings of the old state was held by the builders of the pyramids around 2800 BC.
Some kings of the Old Kingdom dynasties
Kings of the Third Dynasty
King Djoser, famous for building the Step Pyramid at Saqqara
King Zanakht It is not as yet clear as to who Zanakht was and exactly how he ranked in the Third Dynasty. Yet, his existence has been identified through the finding of a partial seal and texts from Mastaba K2.
King Khaba He is considered to be a pharaoh of ancient Egypt. He most likely reigned during the very end of the Third Dynasty.
King Huni
The fact that he was the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty in chronological order is fairly certain. Many Egyptologists consider Huni as the father and a direct ancestor of King Sneferu, but still, the issue is debatable.
Kings of the Fourth Dynasty
King Sneferu ruled Egypt for a long period, some estimated to be 24 years, while others gave him 30 years of rule, and others gave him 48 years of rule. The period of rule of that king was between 30 and 48. Among the most important monuments built by him were four pyramids in the region of Dahshur in Giza Governorate.
King Khufu ruled from 2551 BC up to 2528 BC. and was originally the second king of the Fourth Dynasty, builder of the Great Pyramid.
The fourth pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, King Khafre, son of King Khufu, built the second pyramid in Giza.
King Menkaure, son of King Khafre, built the Lesser Pyramid in Giza and was the fifth pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty.
Kings of the Fifth Dynasty
King Userkaf was the first king of the Fifth Dynasty and the first to start the tradition of building a temple to the sun at Abu Sir.
King Menkauhor is the seventh king of the Fifth Dynasty pharaohs. His royal name is Min Khao Hor, which means immortality from the spirit of Ra.
King Unas was the ninth king of the Egyptian Fifth Dynasty and built a pyramid at Saqqara, the smallest of the complete pyramids of the Old Kingdom.
Kings of the Sixth Dynasty
King Teti was the first pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty. He is sometimes known by the (uncommon) name Uthus.
Pepi II is a pharaonic king from the Sixth Dynasty. He is best known for his huge statue made of copper.
King Pepi II was the fifth pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty, whose reign was marked by a disaster, though he reigned from six years to one hundred years.
The Fall of the Old Kingdom and the Social Revolution
All of this in tandem with the process of gradual dismantling that happened to the pharaonic authority in the era of the Sixth Dynasty, mainly during the time of the reign of Pharaoh Pepi II, for three generations until that ended and turned upside down amidst the dissolving of the country and outbreak of revolution therein; foreign Bedouin raids were happening to it from without alongside internal wars:.
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