King Peribsen | 2nd Dynasty Kings of Egypt
The Sultan of Egypt and the Levant, and the fourth Sultan of the Mamluk state, was its true founder. Mamluk began to be sold in the markets of Baghdad and the Levant, eventually becoming one of the greatest Sultans of the Middle Islamic era. The Righteous King's job in Damascus nicknamed him "Rukn al-Din", and after his arrival to rule, he called himself the apparent King. Baibars was born around the year 625 AH, corresponding to 1228 AD. During his life, he achieved many victories against the Crusaders and the Mongol Khans, starting with the Battle of Mansura in 1250 and the Battle of Ain Jalut, ending with the Battle of Homs against the Mongols in 1277. During his reign, he eliminated the assassins and also captured the Crusader Principality of Antioch.
Baibars ruled Egypt after his return from the Battle of Ain Goliath and the assassination of Sultan Saif al-Din qutz from 1260 ad, where he preached to him in mosques on Friday 6 Dhu al-Hijjah 658 Ah / November 11, 1260 ad and died on Thursday 27 Muharram 676 AH / MAY 2, 1277 Ad (Age 54 years) after returning from the Battle of ablasteen against the Mongol Khans in 1277. During his reign, he revived the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo after the Mongols destroyed it in Baghdad, and established new administrative systems in the state.
Origin
While all the original Arabic and Mamluk sources mention that he is a Turk from the Kipchaks (present-day Kazakhstan) and his name is Baibars, a Turkish name composed of " Bey "(Turkish: Bey) that IS, emir and "pars" (Turkish: Some Muslim researchers in modern times point out that the historians of the Mamluk era from the Arabs and Mamluks considered the Circassians to be Turks, and that they attributed any slave brought from the Caucasus and the Crimea to the qabjaqs, and Al-maqrizi mentioned that he arrived in Hama with a merchant and sold on King Mansur Muhammad, the ruler of Hama, but he did not like it so he returned it and the Merchant went to the slave market in Damascus the merchant had a birth defect in one of his eyes (white water), so he was bought by Prince Alauddin aydkin Al-bandagdari (the owner of the Khanqah in the elephant pond of Sayyida Zeinab); with him he was named Al-bandagdari. Then, after the confiscation of the property of his master, Alaeddin Aydin, he moved to the service of the Ayyubid Sultan, the Good King Najm al-Din Ayyub, in Cairo. Then the righteous king freed him and gave him the principality, and he became a prince. Bieber was a huge, tall man with a strong character. His voice is raspy, and his eyes are blue, and one of his eyes has a white dot. And the reason for his blue eyes may be that his origin was mixed. His state emblem was the "lion," and his image was engraved on the dirham.
Battle of Mansoura
Baibars stood out when he led the Mamluk Army in the Battle of Al-Mansura against the Crusaders in Ramadan of 647 AH / 1249 AD. The Franks launched a surprise attack on the Egyptian army, which caused the death of the army commander, Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Sheikh, and the army was confused and almost broke, but the battle plan or "Mansura trap" arranged by Baibars, the new commander of the Salihiya Mamluks or navy and with the consent of the tree of the DUR, who was the de facto ruler of Egypt at that period after the death of her husband Sultan of Egypt, the righteous Ayyub. He led the counterattack in that battle against the Franks and caused their great misfortune in Mansura. In which the French King Louis IX was captured and imprisoned in the House of Ibn Luqman.
Turan Shah
After the death of the righteous Sultan Ayyub, the elder tree summoned his son Turan Shah from the fortress of Kiva and installed him as Sultan of Egypt to lead the Egyptian army against the invading crusader forces. But as soon as the war ended, Turan Shah began harassing the elder tree and kept demanding she to return his father's money and jewelry. At the same time, he promised and threatened his father's Mamluks and excluded them from positions and put in their place his companions who came with him from the Kiva Fort. As a result, the Mamluks hastened to kill him before the Franks left Damietta, and he was killed with the participation of Baibars and Faris al-Din Aktai in farsikor.
After the death of Turan Shah, the Mamluks installed the Durr Sultana tree as the widow of the righteous Sultan Ayyub, but his son Khalil died young, and they asked the Ayyubid Princes in the Levant to recognize her authority. Ayyubiyu al-Sham rejected this inauguration, because it meant the end of their state in Egypt, and also the Abbasid caliph Al-mustasim Allah in Baghdad, who objected to the mandate of a woman, did not agree. The Sultanate was handed over to Izz ad-Din Aybak, who married her so that he could rule. But the Ayyubids did not agree to this, and an army was sent to Egypt led by the owner of Aleppo and Damascus, an-Nasir Yusuf, to occupy and liberate it from the Mamluks, but they were defeated by the Mamluks, and fled to the Levant, which enabled the Mamluks to establish their rule in Egypt.
The struggle of the Mamluks
After the Mamluks settled down to rule Egypt under the leadership of Sultan Aybek, the order of aktai began to fester, and Sultan Izz al-Din Aybek felt his influence increasing, especially after he asked Aybek to allocate a place for him in the mountain castle, to live with his bride, so he decided to kill him in cooperation with his Mamluk Sayf al-Din qutz and the Mamluks of consolation, so he lured him to the mountain castle and assassinated him and threw his head to the sea Mamluks who gathered under the castle demanding his release, and that was in the year 652 Ah / 1254 ad. The maritime Mamluks fled from Egypt to Syria, Karak, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and other places, foremost among them were Baibars, Qalawun Al-Alfi, Balban Al-Rashidi, and Sunqar Al-Ashqar, who fled to Damascus.
An-Nasir Yusuf rejoiced at what happened and welcomed them, and tried to use them against Aybak. The enmity between an-Nasir Yusuf and Aybek continued, So an-Nasir Yusuf sent his army to attack Egypt with the help of the Naval Mamluks who were with him this time, but as soon as he reached the borders of Egypt, he had to withdraw and agree to Aybek's terms, which included the removal of the Navy from Syria, so they left for Karak. He tried to attack Egypt with the support of the maritime Mamluks, but he was defeated by Aybek and fled back, and that was in the year 656 AH / 1258 AD. During the return of the Mamluks, defeated from Egypt, they attacked Gaza, which belonged to an-Nasir Yusuf, defeated the garrison in it and captured its commander, and their command was strengthened.
During the movement of the Navy in the southern Levant, they encountered in the Jordan Valley the Shahrazuriya squad, which fled from Iraq under the pressure of the Tatars, so they agreed with them, and Baibars married a woman from them to document the agreement by marriage. This stirred up fears among Nasser, so he moved his armies to them, and the Navy defeated Askar Al-Sham, so Nasser himself and all his army rode, and the Navy fled to Karak and Shahrazuriya to Egypt. Al-mughaith wanted to resolve the issue peacefully with Al-Nasser, so Al - Nasser agreed on the condition that he hand over the Mamluks, and during the siege, one of the naval commanders felt the gravity of the situation, perhaps the smartest and most qualified to command-and he was the apparent Baibars-who knew exactly where he should be in every circumstance, so he sneaked out of the Karak fortress and took refuge with Al-Nasser Yusuf, who received him and pardoned him. As for the rest of the Mamluks, an-Nasir received them from Al-mughith and deposited them in the prison of the Aleppo Citadel, and they remained there until the Tatars occupied Aleppo and took them from it.
The differences between Tahir Yusuf and Aybek ended after mediation by Ibn al-alqami, the minister of the caliph Al-mustasim Allah, and the agreement stipulated that Palestine should be withdrawn from the possessions of Aybek and annexed to Yusuf, and Baybars took Nablus to satisfy him after he was angry with the agreement between Yusuf and Aybek.
the owner of Hama did, and some of them preferred to surrender the right to the blood as the governor of Homs did. Only Damascus remained of the important cities, whose ruler, Al-Nasir, gathered armies to confront the Mongols, and then those armies soon broke up around him, because he was confused in what he was doing towards the Mongols, so the Mamluks, rejecting his hesitant actions, only tried to kill him and his brother, the apparent King Ali, took his place. When the Mamluks learned of his escape and exposed their matter, they marched towards Gaza, accompanied by Baybars Al-bandagdari, and from Gaza, he called the new Mamluk sultan qutz, invited him to return, and Qalyub cut him off and put him down at the Ministry House, and great importance to.
The eye of Goliath
He returned to Egypt after Saif al-Din Qutuz assumed the post of minister in 1260 AD to join in fighting the Mongols who were on their way to Egypt after invading the Islamic Levant and then Iraq and overthrowing the Abbasid state in Baghdad. Hulagu sent messengers to the cats carrying a book with a threat and a promise if they did not submit to him. Saif al-Din Qutuz held a meeting with the dignitaries of the state and its scholars, and it was agreed to go to fight the Mongols, as there is no room to flatter them.
If we win or lose, we will be excused either way. So Qutb heard this and killed the Mongol messengers. The Muslims were emboldened by the arrival of a letter from Tarim al-Din Al, who had been taken prisoner by the Mongols during their conquest of the Levant and then accepted to serve in their ranks, in which he explained to them the smallness of their number and encouraged them to fight them and not to be afraid of them. Qotz took advantage of Hulagu's departure to Persia [?] ] At the head of most of his army after hearing of the death of his brother, the Great Khan, those who remained in the Levant from the Mongol armies under the command of Kutubga ranged from 10 thousand to 20 thousand men. Saif al-Din Qutuz divided his army for an advance led by Baybars and the rest of the army hid among the hills and in the neighboring valleys as support troops or to carry out a counterattack or counterattack. So the front of the army led by Baibars launched a quick attack and then withdrew, pretending defeat to pull the Mongol cavalry into the ambush, and the ruse fell on kutbaga, he carried with all his strength on the front of the Muslim army and broke through it and the front began to retreat into the ambush.meanwhile, qutz and the rest of the infantry and cavalry of the army came out and worked to encircle and surround kutbaga's forces, then the fighting raged and not much time passed until the Mongol army was defeated and most of them were killed, including their commander kutbaga. Baibars is the military engineer of the Battle of Ain Goliath.
Murder of Kotoz
After the victory of qutz over the Mongols in Ain Goliath, he marched after them to liberate the rest of the cities of the Levant, Damascus, Hama and Homs were liberated, and Baibars was sent to expel the Tatars from Aleppo and receive it and promised to build it, and when he expelled them from it and the Muslims received it, he was replaced by another one, Alaeddin, the son of the owner of Mosul, and that was the cause of the brutality that occurred between them, so Sultan qutz had to be killed quickly. After Sultan qutz returned victorious from the Battle of Ain Goliath to Egypt, he arrived between Al-Ghazali and Al-Salhiya and hit his vestibule, and he got behind a rabbit and Baibars with him and with the princes who agreed to kill him, so Baibars interceded for something and he opened it, so he took his hand to kiss it and grabbed it and the Princes carried swords on him and beat him with it, threw him off his horse and threw him with a crossbow until they killed him. Then they ran back to the camp with their swords in their hands, and they told their news, and some of them said, ' Who killed him?'
It was said that when a hot cat killed the princes among those who were loyal to the king, and each of them became afraid of the consequences of this, they agreed to swear allegiance to Baibars Al-bandagdari, and he was not one of the greatest providers, but they wanted to try him, so they called him the apparent King and sat him on the King's chair.
It was said that when qutz was beaten by the Mamluk princes and before his death, a group of Mamluk princes came who supported qutz because they doubted the order of the princes who went out with qutz, so they followed them and if something had already happened, qutz asked about the reason for that act and Baibars replied that he suspected that he wanted to kill him as he killed his Prince Faris al-Din aktai in the castle of the mountain, so qutz told him that he by appointing him king of the Mamluk state.
Baibars Sultan
After Baybars swore allegiance to the late king of Egypt Dhu al-Qa'da in 658 ah, the drums rang with joy, and he entered the mountain castle and sat on its chair. The first time he called himself the Conqueror, the minister said to him: this title does not work for whoever you call him. He was called Al-Qahir Ibn Al-Mu'tadid, and his days did not last until he was stripped off and his eyes were closed, and Al-Qahir was called the owner of Mosul, and he was poisoned and died, so he was then changed to the apparent King, and then he began to capture everyone who sees in himself the presidency of the most senior princes until the cradle of the King.
Internal politics
Revolution of Alamuddin singer He first sought to eliminate internal unrest, and liquidate his opponents who protested the murder of Sultan qutz, including Prince Alamuddin singer Al-Halabi, whom qutz had denounced in Damascus, who called himself Sultan of Damascus and rode with the emblem of the Sultanate and ordered a sermon for himself on the pulpits and beat the rail in his name, and then sent to the Princes in Aleppo and Hama that they must obey him. Baibars was stripped by a military campaign against him, and this campaign was able to eliminate him and return Damascus to the rule of Baibars on 16 Safar 659 Ah / January 1261 ad.
Kurani revolt
Al-Zahir Baybars also managed to eliminate the Fatimid rebellions in Cairo, which were provoked by a man named Al-Qurani, A Persian originally from Nishapur. Al-Qurani aimed to overthrow the regime and return the Fatimids, and this movement resulted in a declaration of disobedience to Baibars and marching through the streets of Cairo at night and then attacking the weapons stores and stables and taking their swords and horses, but Al-Zahir Baibars managed with his own forces to surround the rebels and arrest all their leaders, including Al-Qurani, and the Sultan admitted to crucifying him at Bab Zuweila in Cairo. This ended all attempts by the Fatimids to rebel and return to power.
Restoration of castles and supply routes
Sultan Baybars sought to secure the arrival of his forces to the Levant by controlling all the cities and castles along the road between Egypt and the Levant and making them his vassals, especially the fortress of Karak, which was under the control of King Omar Bin Al-Adil bin al-Kamil Al-Ayyubi, who did not submit to the obligations of obedience to him, so he seized the fort and killed King Omar. He also turned to the fortification of the extremities, loopholes, and the architecture of the castles destroyed by the Mongols in the Levant. He began to supply her with men and weapons from Egypt and some of the powerful cities of the Levant. He also worked to strengthen the fleet and the army and personally supervised the construction of warships in the Houses of its industry located in Fustat, Alexandria, and Damietta. He not only did this work to secure the access of his forces to the Levant and prevent any encirclement around them from the rear, but also deliberately allied with some external forces to devote himself to the Crusaders.
Architectural and educational renaissance
His reign witnessed a great architectural and educational renaissance, where he worked on the establishment of many schools in Egypt and Damascus, including the Virtual School in Damascus, which was built in 676 ah and in which the Virtual Library was established at the end of the nineteenth century, and in 665 Ah he established The Zahir Baibars mosque in Cairo, which still exists today, and the area around it was attributed to him as the neighborhood of Al-Zahir, and he established another mosque in his name in the city of qalyub that still exists today and the Square in it is called "Baibars Square" in the city of qalyub al-Balad. Baibars also worked on the construction of bridges, aqueducts and fences, dug canals and bays, established a Nile gauge and did many other works such as organizing the mail, allocated horses to him, and built many buildings.
Wars with the Crusaders
Baibars wanted to punish the Crusaders who helped the Mongols in Ain Goliath, especially Bohemond VI, Prince of Antioch, so he sent an army stationed in Aleppo to launch raids on Antioch, then the raids were renewed the following year and the Swedish port was threatened, as well as the city of Antioch itself was besieged and almost fell if not for the Mongol-Armenian help led by King hetum, so the Mamluks were forced to break the siege on it. On the other hand, the Crusaders feared the growing power of the Mamluks, so they turned to the peace, hoping for the help they had given to the Mamluks at the time of the Ain Goliath campaign to restore their captives in fulfillment of the promise made by Sultan Aybek to return Zarrin in Galilee, To them or to pay compensation for them and to conclude a truce between the parties. So count Eblin, count of Jaffa and John II, count of Beirut went to Cairo in 659 Ah/1261 ad and held negotiations with the apparent Baibars to retrieve their prisoners and conclude a truce.
Baibars agreed on the condition of returning to what it was like the days of King Nasser Saladin and the release of Muslim prisoners, but the hospital and Daoism refused to abandon the Muslim prisoners because they are skilled industrialists, and then he moved the armies towards the Crusaders ' possessions and attacked their fortresses, which prompted them to come back again and ask him for peace, so his response was only to say:"why not this was before We came to this place Return what you have taken from the country and dismantle the prisoners of all Muslims, I do not accept otherwise," he said. Baibars started his war by attacking the Galilee region, so he took a sheep from Nazareth, then launched a surprise attack on Acre and tried to storm its gates in (Jumada al-akhirah 661 Ah/ April 1263 ad), but he could not because of its immunity and many of the Crusaders, so he left it after plundering its lands and left for Jerusalem. The following month, he attacked Caesarea and uthlaith. In the year 663 Ah/1265 AD,
Baibars descended with huge forces to Gaza and from there to Caesarea. He conquered it on Jumada I (February), then advanced towards Jaffa and entered it without a fight, because the Crusaders fled from it. Then he marched towards uthlaith and liberated it, which had been in the hands of the Crusaders since the year 614 Ah/1218 AD. Then he headed towards Arsuf and laid a severe siege that lasted 40 days, after which the city surrendered, and from Arsuf, he again headed towards Acre, but he could not liberate the city due to the support of Hugh III of Cyprus and supplying him with a large fleet that included all the naval power of Cyprus. So Baibars left it and returned to Egypt, to return the ball to the Crusaders after the end of winter, and began his work in the early summer of 1266 AD/664 AH.
The fall of the Principality of Antioch
The campaign began to recapture Antioch from the Crusaders, so he arrived with his armies at it on Tuesday, 1 Ramadan 666 AH/ MAY 15, 1268 AD, and there he divided his armies into three divisions and distributed them around the city to govern its siege and prevent access to it from land and sea. The defending Crusaders could not resist, because of the severity of the siege and the strength of the attackers, the city was conquered, and the armies of Baibars were able to enter it and plundered countless large Spoils of money and prisoners. The fall of that Crusader principality was an important event in the history of the Crusades, the Crusaders in Tripoli and Acre were cut off from lesser Armenia, and thus the interests of the Crusaders in the Levant were directly threatened and only the Crusader Kingdom of Cyprus remained in front of them, which united with the kingdom of Tripoli and Acre because they joined the crown of King Hugh III, who began his reign by signing a truce with Sultan Baybars until the arrival of aid from Europe. Baibars agreed to the truce to give his troops a rest, especially since winter is coming, and it requires him to return to Egypt to manage some of its internal affairs.
His death
He was buried in the Virtual Library in Damascus after a reign of 17 years, after which his eldest son Nasir al-Din took over the rule, but the children of Baibars did not last long, and then Mansur Qalawun took over the rule.
His manners
The most important thing that Baibars was characterized by: courage, courage, cunning, strength, generosity, love of good, and charity to the poor. And honoring the scholars and listening to their advice and keeping silent about their fear of him, in the advice-as Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam and al-Nawawi used to do with him. He was tan with red, ashen with blue, full of stature, full of shape, bass voice.
He was described as moving around in his Kingdoms, so his military could hardly feel him except while he was among them. It was said of him that he would stop at nothing to achieve his goal. To force the forces of the fortresses to surrender to him. And his success depended on his organization, speed, and endless courage.
A brief biography in history books
Al-Zarkali said in (Al-Alam): Al-Zahir Baybars (625-676 Ah), Baybars Al-Alai, Al-bandagdari al-Salhi, Rukn al-Din, al-Malik Al-Zahir: the owner of conquests, news, and antiquities. He was born in the land of the Capuchins. He was captured and sold in Sivas, then transferred to Aleppo, and from there to Cairo. When the Good King (Najm al-Din Ayyub) caught him, he took Baibars, so he put him in the service of his servants, and then freed him. In the days of King Qutz (Al-Muzaffar), his zeal continued to escalate, and the Tatars fought with him in Palestine. Then he agreed with the princes of the army to kill Qutuz, so they killed him, and Baibars took over the Sultanate of Egypt and the Levant (in 658 AH)
